UP Teaching & Learning Community Blog

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“…and I was happy not to finish what I had intended.”

Last week, Lars Larson challenged us to integrate interleaving into our courses, basing his proposal on principles found in Brown, Roediger, and McDaniel’s Make it Stick (2014). One simple approach to interleaving is to bridge the introduction of material over two classes while also working on a different topic or concept. Although I know to do this, I sometimes fall for trying to package an important concept into one class session. This occurred last week in my Maximizing Study Abroad course. I had planned to have students explain and apply material from a book chapter on Milton Bennett’s Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS) through discussion and in-class group work. Since we had just returned from spring break, I also used the beginning of the hour for students to recall what they had been learning prior to the break. This took a bit longer than I expected, as did our group work, and by the end of the hour, we were not done with my lesson plan. As I gathered my things at the end of class, I realized how happy I was not to have finished my intended plan. I could now interleave the material by having students read over the week for the next topic on making cultural inferences and then guiding students the next week to recall Bennett’s DMIS and continue committing it more deeply to memory through elaboration and application.

But why interleave learning? The authors of Make it Stick cite studies that indicate the benefits of interleaving for retrieval of past learned material and developing the ability to discriminate between different kinds of concepts and problems. Interleaving our subject matter also supports effortful learning and what they refer to as “distributed practice” or learning that is spaced out over time. The opposite of distributed practice is massed practice, which includes trying to learn material in one block, as in my original lesson plan, or through cramming, which unfortunately is likely to happen on campus for some students in about a month. James Lang (2016) also discusses interleaving in his recent Small Teaching and cites supporting research findings from math and language learning. He suggests models for shifting from blocked class sessions to interleaved class sessions. Again, the key to interleaving is not finishing a topic or concept before introducing another. For example (Lang, 2016, p. 79):

From Blocked Class Sessions

Monday: Topic A, Problem-Solving Session

Wednesday: Topic B, Problem-Solving Session

Friday: Topic C, Problem-Solving Session, Quiz

To Interleaved Class Sessions

Monday: Topic A, Problem-Solving Session, Topic B

Wednesday: Topic B, Problem-Solving Session, Topic C

Friday: Topic C, Problem-Solving Session, Review or Quiz

Lang notes that students may perceive interleaved learning as moving more slowly, but he cites both laboratory and classroom research that indicates better retention and recall among learners who practice interleaving. Applying interleaving also promotes relating concepts to each other in the classroom and through assessments.

Like the authors of Make it Stick, Lang also promotes frequent low-stakes quizzing and other retrieval practices, such as the following quick classroom assessment techniques:

  • Opening questions that prompt students to remind us what we were working on in the last class session;
  • Closing activities such as a minute paper in which student list key take-aways or their own questions from the day;
  • Closing a session through a short quiz or solving a final problem;
  • Eliciting responses that connect the new topic to some other aspect of the course material.

By engaging students in retrieval practice within an interleaved classroom, we will increase the likelihood of their ability to recall and discriminate concepts, connections, and applications of the material we teach into the future.

As we embrace Lars’ challenge from last week, we can use some of the above approaches to integrate interleaving into your course and lesson plans. For example, when I meet with my Maximizing Study Abroad class next, we will (1) finish some work on Bennett’s intercultural sensitivity scale, (2) interleave it with questioning how it might connect to stages of cultural adjustment, and then (3) move on to the first stage of learning about making cultural inferences.

If you would like to discuss interleaving teaching and learning, please feel free to contact me at white@up.edu.

Jeffrey White is an instructor of German and the Learning Commons administrator in Buckley Center 163. To discuss with Jeffrey how your students can practice and enhance their learning the Learning Commons, contact him at x7141.

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Student Athlete Mental Health: Are Sports Special?

a basketball hoop seen from below and behindDo student-athletes tend to have more mental health problems than the general student population, fewer mental health problems, or similar mental health problems? Last Spring, when introducing a speaker talking to UP student-athletes about the particular dynamics of mental health for athletes, I asked a version of this question to our UP varsity athletes. The question is one I also discuss in my PSY/SOC 453 class on ‘Psychosocial Aspects of Sport and Physical Activity’ and it turns out to be surprisingly difficult to answer with research.

Most basic data finds athletes report fewer mental health concerns than comparable non-athlete populations, but researchers generally assume that athletes underreport mental health concerns because of sports culture – high-level athletes are often socialized to be tough, competitive, and averse to admitting what could be perceived as a ‘weakness.’ Though sport culture is changing some, we are still much more likely to hear about famous athletes taking time off for physical injuries than for psychological ones.

So I was both surprised, and somewhat impressed, when a large proportion of the UP student-athletes I surveyed by show of hands last Spring thought athletes were more likely to experience mental health concerns than the general population. I was impressed because our athletes were willing to admit that the pressures and cultures of sport are not always as healthy as we might hope – and that the path of athletic excellence can indeed involve significant mental health challenges.

I was reminded of this experience recently while reading a 2017 book by ESPN journalist Kate Fagan titled What Made Maddy Run: The Secret Struggles and Tragic Death of an All-American Teen. The book tells that story of Madison Holleran – a student-athlete at the University of Pennsylvania who tragically took her life as a 19 year old first-year college student despite many external appearances of ‘having it all.’ The book, and a thoughtful long-form article on the ESPN web-site titled ‘Split Image’, discuss ways Holleran devoted so much of herself to excellence in athletics, academics, and with friends (at least partially through a carefully cultivated social media presence) that when she achieved her dream of becoming an Ivy League athlete she decompensated in isolation. She made tentative efforts to reach out to friends, family, counseling services, and coaches – but mostly she started to feel as though her inner turmoil and despair were unredeemable failures. To an outsider it seemed she was good at almost everything she did, but inside she didn’t feel good enough.

Madison’s Holleran’s story is not just about sports, but it does say important things about the relationship between sports culture and mental health. Student-athletes often invest massive amounts of their selves and their identities in being good at sports. Those who succeed get many benefits from that investment, but they also experience costs – they often feel a constant pressure to get better and be the best, they sometimes lack the autonomy to make their own decisions and change directions in their lives, and they don’t always have opportunities to explore identities outside of sports that might actually balance their development into healthy adults.

Over the last few years at UP I’ve learned about several ways our athletic department tries to care for the mental health of student athletes who may have concerns; I hope to discuss some of those ways in a follow-up post soon. For now, however, it is worth emphasizing to UP faculty and academic staff who interact with student athletes that mental health concerns can affect even those who seem the strongest. Student athletes often have to fight against the stigma in sports culture against openly acknowledging mental health concerns, but many should and do take up that fight.

*/ Featured Image by MontyLov /*

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Is There Such a Thing as a “Helicopter Professor?”

We’re on the other side of Fall Break, bracing for the tsunami that is the end of the semester, and working really, really hard. Really hard. Some colleagues have said it can feel like they are working harder for their students’ success than the students themselves. This might be a good time to reflect on the emerging phenomenon of the “helicopter professor.” Just as “helicopter parents” tend to hover near their children and strive to prevent their experiencing any kind of failure–and therefore deprive their children of the life lessons that recovering from failure can bring about– diligent professors may be on the road to helicopter status as instructors  if they can answer “yep, always” to these questions:

  1. Am I always available (24/7) to clarify criteria and answer questions about the assignments I give?
  2. Do I provide micro-level feedback on multiple drafts of student work?
  3. Do I make it impossible for students to earn low grades in my courses?
  4. Am I constantly exhausted by efforts to be present to and affirm students regardless of their actual performance on academic tasks?

Of course, we want our students to flourish, and UP faculty rightfully take pride in being invested in their success here and beyond. There’s no question it’s possible to do too little for students; but if you find yourself even a little resentful at the relative balance between your effort to teach and students’ apparent efforts to learn, it might be worth taking a deep breath and asking yourself if you are doing too much to ensure academic success and depriving your students of the benefits to be derived from a well-earned failure. Living through a D or an F in an atmosphere that supports your efforts to get back up and try again–and perhaps even to learn that you are a worthwhile person deserving of respect even after you bombed an assignment or missed a deadline–might be every bit as important a learning outcome as anything else found on our syllabi.

If you’d like to read some more on the potential downfalls of helicopter professoring, check out this article by Kristie McAllum (2016)– Managing imposter syndrome among the “Trophy Kids”: Creating teaching practices that develop independence in millennial students.Communication Education, 65 (3), 363-365.